- The Disappearance of the Marginal Districts: 1960 - 1980
1972 Mayhew Graph
1960 Mayhew Graph
Percent Marginal Districts: 1946 - 1998
- Was it the Redistricting in the early 1960s? Fiorina (1977), No.
- Was it the Increase in the Incumbency Advantage? Fiorina (1977), Yes.
House Incumbency Advantage
Senate Incumbency Advantage
- Why did the Incumbency Advantage Increase? Fiorina (1977), the dramatic
increase of the "Casework Style" of Representation
Congressional Staff
Committee Staff
- The Growth of Government Increases the Opportunities for Members of Congress
to Provide Assistance to Constituents
Pages in the Federal Register: 1936-2001
- Was it the Redistricting in the early 1960s? Fiorina (1977), No.
- Why Did the System Appear to Change Again After 1980?
Percent Marginal Districts: 1946 - 1998
Local-National Effects Midterm House Elections
Local-National Effects Presidential Year House Elections
- Fiorina (2001): Everyone Started Using the Casework Style! A High Level of Constituency
Service Became the Norm and was Expected by the Voters!
Congressional Staff
Committee Staff
- Fiorina (2001): Incumbents Have a Money Advantage
Campaign Expenditures Congressional Elections
Soft Money Congressional Elections
- Fiorina (2001): Politicians in General Care Much More About Policy Than
They Used To
Polarization
- Cox and Katz (2002): The Redistricting Did Do it!
- Fiorina (2001): Everyone Started Using the Casework Style! A High Level of Constituency
Service Became the Norm and was Expected by the Voters!
